The cognitive power of language learning: How multilingualism shapes the brain

By Carla-Ioana Gheorghe

Language is one of the most complex and remarkable abilities the human brain can master. When we learn a new language, we do more than just memorize vocabulary and grammar — we engage in a transformative cognitive process. Modern neuroscience and psychology have shown that learning languages impacts brain development, enhancing everything from memory and focus to even emotional intelligence and problem-solving skills!

So, how does multilingualism shape the brain?

1. Structural changes in the brain

Numerous neuroimaging studies have revealed that bilingual and multilingual individuals often show increased gray matter density in key areas of the brain. These areas include the left inferior parietal lobe, which is involved in language processing, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, crucial for executive functions such as planning and paying attention.

Learning a new language strengthens the brain's neural pathways and increases connectivity between different regions, facilitating faster and more efficient communication within the brain.

2. Delay in cognitive decline

One of the most compelling findings in recent years is that bilingualism may delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. A persom who speaks more than one language tends to develop symptoms of dementia years later than a monolingual person, even when their brain scans reveal similar levels of pathology.

This delay is believed to result from the “cognitive reserve” built by years of speaking multiple languages. In reality, the brain becomes more resilient and is capable to easier adapt to age-related changes. 

3. Enhanced problem-solving and critical thinking

Learning and using different languages sharpens analytical and critical thinking skills. Bilinguals often outperform monolinguals on tasks that require reasoning, pattern recognition, and conflict resolution. The constant practice of interpreting meaning and adjusting language according to context nurtures a deeper understanding of nuance and logic.

4. Boosted empathy and cultural awareness

Beyond the cognitive and neurological benefits, language learning fosters emotional intelligence and empathy. Understanding a language often means engaging with a new culture, which broadens perspectives and encourages more open-minded thinking. This cultural sensitivity translates into improved interpersonal communication and stronger social bonds.

The journey of learning a language is not just about acquiring a practical skill — it is a profound mental workout that changes the brain in measurable ways. The neurological benefits of language learning are just one more compelling reason to embrace the power of multilingualism.

References

1. https://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2022/04/29/learning-language-changes-your-brain/

2. https://www.britishschoolbarcelona.com/blog/neuroscience-and-language-learning-benefits-for-the-brain/

3. https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/mind/2018/how-second-language-can-boost-brain

4. https://kohud.kendal.org/2024/04/05/cognitive-benefits-of-learning-a-second-language/

5. https://potomac.edu/benefits-of-learning-a-second-language/

6. https://www.shutterstock.com/ro/image-vector/women-silhouette-head-isolated-womens-history-2272427945

7. https://nccpeterborough.ca/international-womens-day-advancing-equality-and-peace/

8. https://www.sprachcaffe.com/english/magazine-article/learning-languages-tips-and-methods-by-subject.htm

9. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/sep/17/how-learning-thinking-in-a-foreign-language-improves-decision-making

10. https://qortoba.net/blog/importance-learning-languages/